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1. West-to-east mountain ranges, including the Tianshan-Yinshan-Yanshan mountain system, the Kunlun-Qinling-Dabie mountain system, and the Nanling mountain system;
2. North-to-south mountain ranges, including the Helan, Liupan, and Hengduan mountain ranges;
3. Northeast-to-southwest mountain ranges, including the Changbai, Greater Hinggan, Taihang, and Wushan ranges;
4. Northwest-to-southeast mountain ranges, including the Altay, Qilian and Gangdise ranges;
5. Arc-shaped mountain ranges, including the Himalayas and Taiwan Mountains